ABSTRACT
Aim: In this study, effectiveness of alkali pretreatment of banana pseudostem for the production of biobutanol by fermentation using Clostridium sporogenes under strict anaerobic conditions was studied. Methodology: Banana pseudostem was pretreated by alkali soaking at constant temperature (30, 50 and 70°C) and concentration of 0.25 to 2% (w/v) at solid to liquid ratio of 1:10 for 24 hr to depolymerize the lignocellulosic biomass. Further to increase delignification, the alkali soaked samples were subjected to thermal treatment at 121°C for 15 min. The hydrolysates were subjected to acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation using Clostridium sporogenes to produce butanol. Results: Maximum delignification of 92% was obtained at 30°C soaking temperature with 2% NaOH (w/v). Increase in temperature led to increase in delignification but also resulted in reduced recovery of cellulose. Maximum glucose yield of 524 mg g-1 glucan was obtained from the pretreated biomass. Fermentation of hydrolysate obtained from alkali soaking pretreatment by C. sporogenes under anaerobic condition resulted in 10.12 g l-1 of butanol with a yield of 0.326 g g-1 of total sugar consumed and it was much higher compared to untreated biomass. Interpretation: Alkali soaking pretreatment at 30°C and alkali concentration of 1.5% (w/v) was effective to depolymerize the biomass to obtain maximum sugar and butanol yield from banana pseudostem. Thermal treatment was not effective in increasing the production of butanol due to pseudo lignin formation and presence of inhibitors.
ABSTRACT
Background: Depression, a common mental disorder characterized by persistent unhappiness and lack of interest in daily activities, is one of the major important public health problems that are often comorbid with other chronic diseases like diabetes and can worsen the effect of the disease outcomes. Depression alone and/or as a comorbidity with diabetes is a common condition in the community. Aim of the study: To identify the prevalence of Depression among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients and relationship between Depression and its effect on Drug Compliance among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients, to determine the severity of Depression among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients and the extent to which it affects Drug compliance. Materials and methods: The study was to be conducted in Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital, Chidambaram in the year 2018-2019. A hundred patients with diagnosis of T2DM attending Diabetic OPD above 20 years of age were randomly selected. The Hamilton rating scale for depression by Hamilton is the most widely used rating scale to assess the symptoms of depression. The Ham-D is an observer-rated scale consisting of 17-21 items. Ratings are based on clinical interview. The items are rated on either a 0 to 4 spectrum or a 0 to 2 spectrum. The HAM-D also relies quite heavily on the clinical interviewing skills and the experience of rater in evaluating individuals with depressive illness. The strength of HAM-D is its excellent validation/research base, K.H. Mohamed Ibrahim, R. Gandhi Babu, M. Senthil Velan. Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity (depression) and its effect on drug compliance among patients attending diabetic outpatient clinic. IAIM, 2019; 6(11): 19-28. Page 20 and case of administration. Its use is limited in individuals who have psychiatric disorders other than primary depression. Results: Analyzing with HAMD score, 40 had no depression, mild depression in 24 cases, moderate depression in 21 cases, severe depression in 15 cases. MAQ score scale- low adherence in 41 cases, medium adherence in 37 cases, high adherence in 22 cases. MMAQ score scale and HAMD scorelow adherence with no depression were 9 cases (22.5%) mild depression were 6 cases (25%) moderate were 11(52.4%) severe depression were 15 cases (100%). MMAQ score scale and HAMD score - medium adherence with no depression were 23 cases (57.5%) mild depression were 9 cases (37.5%) moderate were 5(23.8%) severe depression were not seen. MMAQ score scale and HAMD score - Medium adherence with no depression were 8 cases (20%) Mild depression were 9 cases (37.5%) Moderate were 5(23.8%) severe depression was not seen. Pearson Chi-Square = 35.344**, p<0.001. Conclusion: Further, there was a significant association between the depression in Type 2 diabetes patients and medication adherence, where patients with depression had poor medication adherence as compared to those without depression and severity of depression correlates with worse adherence to diabetic medications
ABSTRACT
Batch and packed bed continuous biosorption studies were conducted to investigate the kinetics and isotherms of Cu(II) ions on the biomass of blue green alga Azolla rongpong. It is observed that the biosorption capacity of algae depends on initial pH and dosage. The biosorption capacity increases with increasing concentration and follows Freundlich isotherm model well with k and n values 0.06223 and 0.949 respectively. The optimum pH of 3.5 with an algae dosage of 1 g/L was observed. The results indicate that with the advantage of high metal biosorption capacity and recovery of Cu(II) ions, A. rongpong can be used as an efficient and economic biosorbent for the removal and recovery of toxic heavy metals from aqueous wastes even at higher concentration.